The research project involves designing and building circuits for a pulsed laser and photodetector for a speed of light time of flight measurement device and developing pedagogy and curricula for 200-level experimental laboratory and 400-level senior research project physics courses. We completed project-based learning on circuit principles, Kirchhoff’s Laws, RLC circuits, Thevenin and Norton equivalence, AC signal, phasors, RC filters, oscillators, impedance, diodes, transformers, operational amplifiers, metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET), and introductory optics and optoelectronics. We performed hands-on training on analog circuits logic and components, CAD design, prototyping, and practical physics applications of analog circuits. Technical lab responsibilities include learning to design analog circuits using a CAD program; ordering the printed circuit board (PCB); testing circuits for functionality, accuracy, and precision; testing the speed of light measurement device for precision with light passing through air and other mediums; and measuring the refractive index of different mediums. Physics education responsibilities include incorporating our work into BPHYS 231 Experimental Physics Speed of Light Lab; developing a pre-lab quiz and lab manual; and providing documented guidance for students on learning objectives, instructions on use of the new speed of light device, lab extensions for BPHYS 231 final projects, and research topics for BPHYS 433 Senior Project. Due to the large scope of this project, the research will continue through Autumn 2025.

Currently, monitoring the heart's electrical activity to diagnose cardiovascular disease requires the patient to have electrodes placed on their chest. A novel approach was proposed to record ECG (electrocardiogram) signals from human fingertips, which could offer a more convenient alternative for in-home use. A prototype device was designed to capture and process the ECG heart signals for real-time health monitoring. The development process included schematic design, printed circuit board (PCB) layout creation, hardware assembly, troubleshooting, and data acquisition and analysis. The device has three rounded copper electrode plates for collecting ECG from 3 fingers, with one serving as a noise-canceling electrode. ECG signals were successfully recorded from volunteers using these fingertip copper electrodes mounted on a PCB with biomedical signal amplifiers. Additionally, basic signal-processing algorithms have been implemented in MATLAB to remove noise and enhance ECG signal quality for parameter extraction. With further research and refinement, this prototype could evolve into a portable, user-friendly device suitable for at-home monitoring or clinical use as an alternative method for tracking heart activity.

My research project focuses on age-related changes in muscle function. We have previously designed and used novel young and naturally aged in vitro three-dimensional engineered muscle tissues (3D-EMTs) using donated myoblasts from the Study of Muscle, Mobility, and Aging (SOMMA) to investigate this. A question raised in this research is the how closely force measured in 3D-EMTs correlates to in vivo force of intact skeletal muscle. To address this, I stimulated young and aged mice's gastrocnemius muscles to contract (Aurora Instruments) measuring maximum force, contraction/relaxation kinetics, and fatiguability. Mice were then sacrificed and hindlimb muscles dissociated to isolate skeletal muscle myoblasts for cell culture. Myoblasts were amplified and used to generate young and aged rodent 3D-EMT. We tested in vitro 3D-EMT muscle mechanics using a Magnetometric Analyzer for engiNeered Tissue ARRAY (MantARRAY, Curi Bio). In vitro muscle force data was compared to in vivo force data from the same mouse. Results generated by this project helped identify the correlation between in vivo and in vitro force measurements and how they are impacted by age. This study also allowed us to bank multiple cell lines for future high throughput studies to utilize these rodent 3D-EMT models to study the progressive loss of muscle mass and function known as sarcopenia. The results from this project and the cellular models created will be used in the future to investigate potential targets for therapeutic interventions to treat sarcopenia in an ever-expanding aging population.

This study examines whether female managers foster a more employee-oriented corporate culture. I hypothesize that firms led by female Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) exhibit stronger commitments to employee well-being and Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) initiatives compared to those led by male CEOs. To test this hypothesis, we conduct Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analyses. Analyzing S&P 1,500 firms from 2001 to 2013, I find that companies led by female CEOs demonstrate stronger commitments to employee relations, diversity, and inclusion, particularly in areas such as professional development, health and safety, retirement benefits, employee involvement, no-layoff policies, union relations, workforce diversity, child labor reduction, and work-life benefits. Notably, during economic downturns like the dot-com bubble in 2002 and the financial crisis in 2008, while most firms reduced their investments in DEI, those led by female managers maintained their commitments. These findings contribute to both academic discussions and practical strategies for advancing DEI in corporate leadership, highlighting the influence of female executives in shaping corporate policies. By offering fresh insights into the role of leadership diversity in corporate culture, this study underscores the importance of inclusive leadership in fostering a more equitable workplace. As an undergraduate researcher, I find this project both intellectually stimulating and profoundly educational, providing nuanced insights into the intersection of leadership and corporate responsibility. 

Due to considerations such as dose reduction, or physical limitations of the scanner, computed tomography (CT) images must sometimes be reconstructed from sparse-view or limited-angle sinogram data, resulting in a loss of image quality. In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in using neural networks to improve image quality in these scenarios. In this work, we implement three neural network architectures – denoising convolutional neural network (DnCNN), U-net, and transformer – and apply them to sparse-view and limited angle problems in both a post-processing and iterative, “plug-and-play” reconstruction context. In post-processing, the neural network is applied to the final image to remove artifacts, while in the plug-and-play approach, it is incorporated into the algorithm that reconstructs the image from the sparse-view or limited-angle data. Based on standard image quality metrics, the post-processing approach with the U-net is found to give the best image quality. The plug-and-play approach, while not always providing the best image quality, is able to ensure fidelity with the sinogram data.

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients can still experience a recurrent stroke due to platelet-rich thrombi despite being on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) consisting of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and a P2Y12-inhibitor. One pattern these patients have was an elevated von Willebrand Factor level (VWF), a blood clotting protein that tethers platelets to the endothelium. VWF unfolds under shear, exposes its A1 domain to which surface receptor GPIb-IX-V of platelets can bind. DAPT targets platelet activation by inhibiting thromboxane A2 synthesis and blocking ADP binding to P2Y12, but it does not directly address shear-mediated activation of platelets via VWF. Even with DAPT, platelets can still bind to VWF via GPIb-IX-V under a high shear rate. To understand the interplay between elevated VWF levels, DAPT, and platelet thrombus formation under shear flow, we used a microfluidic device to analyze platelet-rich plugs for (1) platelet activation, (2) aggregation size, and (3) contractile versus drag forces to withstand embolization. Those characteristics are measured in a healthy platelet-plug control and a platelet-plug doped with 6-fold VWF level, both with and without DAPT. We found platelet-plugs with DAPT still maintain activation, and activation level becomes higher when DAPT is combined with elevated VWF level. Platelet-plugs with DAPT and/or elevated VWF have larger aggregate size than control, and aggregate size is highest when DAPT is combined with elevated VWF level. While contractile force dominates in control, it becomes similar to drag force with DAPT and/or elevated VWF. We suspect the large size, reduced contractile force and maintained activation of platelet-plugs with elevated VWF can make the plug prone to embolization caused by the drag force. This result can shed light on the limitations of DAPT when VWF level is elevated, and introduces the possibility of screening patients for high VWF to tailor antiplatelet therapies. 

First-generation college students (FGCS), those first in their families to pursue or complete a college degree, are a widely studied demographic across psychological research. However, much of the literature on FGCS examines their mental health and life experiences through a deficit framework, focused on systemic obstacles to success and categorizing students as “at risk”. Additionally, some research fails to recognize the importance of intersectionality, viewing FGCS’s mental health as separate from its systemic, social, and institutional contexts. To better highlight the assets and intersecting identities of FGCS, this strengths-based presentation explores existing literature about their mental health experiences, describes their risk and protective factors in developing mental health symptoms and conditions, and proposes mental health initiatives for FGCS and, specifically for, Latine FGCS. I use insights from interviews with Latine FGCS as illustrative examples to further demonstrate the importance of considering context and intersectionality in this area of psychological research.

The Molecular Case Network (MCN) connects biology and chemistry educators and fosters collaboration to create narratives that enhance interdisciplinary teaching and learning while providing support for their professional development. This research presents a case study of 10 MCN participants who were interviewed about their experiences creating interdisciplinary educational case studies to implement in their courses. These lessons aid the teaching of the content material and technology in a real-world context. These educators are considered expert participants and bring diverse perspectives and experience, allowing them to contribute unique ideas and create multifaceted case studies. Our objectives are to articulate the definition of molecular storytelling through the instructors’ perspective, gauge the instructors' confidence in the interdisciplinary teaching of biochemistry, and examine their self-efficacy in implementing the molecular case study with technology. We used a thematic analysis when looking at the interviews to identify common sentiments and refine them into themes to better understand the relationship between the participants' experiences. Through analysis of the interviews with the participants, we found major themes about the usefulness of technology and the importance of a strong leader in building confidence in both the technology and the writing of the case studies. We explore each unique narrative to find what motivates, excites, frustrates, and ultimately leads to the success of each instructor. By exploring these areas, we aim to provide insights that can help improve education in the relevant scientific disciplines. By understanding the factors that influence the success of these educators we hope to inform the MCN to help strengthen and expand their success long term.

As digital platforms increasingly influence financial markets, the role of social media engagement in shaping stock performance has gained growing attention. This study investigates the link between social media activity and stock prices, focusing on Reddit, a prominent platform for individual investors to share opinions. Analyzing daily data on the most frequently discussed stocks on Reddit, we examine how discussion volume and sentiment of investors drive stock price movements. Our findings reveal that both discussion volume and positive sentiment are significantly associated with rising stock prices. Additionally, we observed a nonlinear relationship between sentiment, mentions, and stock performance. Specifically, discussion volume exhibited a negative nonlinear relationship with stock prices, while positive sentiment showed a positive nonlinear effect. These results provide insights for investors and financial analysts, highlighting the value of monitoring social media trends to inform investment strategies. f

Corn, a crucial agricultural commodity, serves as a fundamental input. Its economic importance has made government subsidies a vital policy instrument to stabilize corn supply and prices To investigate the relationship between corn subsidies and prices, we compiled yearly data on U.S. corn prices, subsidies, exports, production, and inflation from 1980 to 2023. Employing linear and nonlinear regression models, we analyzed the role of corn subsidies in shaping corn prices while controlling for other factors. Our results suggest a statistically significant negative relationship between subsidies and corn prices. Interestingly, this negative relationship weakens at higher subsidy levels, revealing a curvilinear relationship. This implies that while subsidies can lower prices to benefit consumers and stimulate the economy, excessive subsidies may reduce the magnitude of price decreases and dampen producers’ incentives by further suppressing prices and revenue. Our findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, showing the need for careful calibration of subsidies to balance consumer benefits with producer sustainability. We also suggest potential avenues for further exploration to extend this work

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are a powerful framework that enables the analysis of spatial data, or information connected to a location, that can be applied to a variety of fields, such as public health, policy, agriculture, and environmental management. With these frameworks, we can create maps to convey specific data or general information, make comparisons between data sets, and quantify spatial characteristics. In this study, I utilized a GIS framework together with Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS RTK) methods to collect spatial data regarding hiking trails throughout Saint Edward State Park in Kenmore, Washington. I hypothesize that the positional accuracy of data collected via GNSS RTK is significantly better than positions collected via methods that do not incorporate differential correction. To test this hypothesis, I will collect differentially corrected positional data along trails in the park and compare them to uncorrected data gathered between 2013 and 2015 from the same trails. Comparisons will be made using a t-test to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the mean differences of each data set. Furthermore, I will use this spatial data to visualize more accurate trail locations, indicate areas requiring maintenance, and decommission unofficial trails that are harmful to the ecology in the park.

Our goal is to establish water quality baselines and ongoing trends for streams and tributaries of two separate watersheds, both of which drain into Lake Washington through Lake Forest Park, a city in the northwest part of King County, WA. This project is the first intensive multiple-site survey of urban King County watersheds using certified Washington State Department of Ecology methods. In three teams of 4-5 college students, we conducted monthly field tests of 16 sites along tributaries and sub-basins of the McAleer Watershed, and of 6 sites within the Lyon Creek watershed. We used a YSI ProDSS multiprobe meter and a Hach DR 900 colorimeter to collect measurements of air and water temperature, water turbidity, conductivity, % oxygen saturation, dissolved oxygen, pH, total suspended solids, and nitrate and phosphate levels, used Coliform Bacteria R-Cards to measure the quantitative presence of water-borne E. coli. Analysis of these water quality indices for these sites over a 12-month period will allow us to evaluate the overall health of the greater watersheds, and possible causes of poor conditions. Our data will contribute to other conservation research efforts supporting urban watershed health. This work was undertaken as a research project by undergraduates participating in the Urban Stream Ecology Internship and Training (USE-IT) program, funded by a Seattle Waterworks grant to the Stewardship Stream Initiative (SSI), an initiative launched by the Lake Forest Park Stewardship Foundation in 2024.

Privilege and oppression affect many aspects of Asian Americans’ lives. Most notably, Asian Americans are constantly surrounded by discussions that perpetuate harmful messages that lead to discrimination based on their race and gender. Yet based on past research, Asian Americans are caught in a unique position in terms of defining their racial privilege and viewing their societal advantages and disadvantages compared to other racial minorities (Oh & Eguchi, 2022). Additionally, Asian media like K-pop may play a role in giving Asian Americans a chance to embrace their culture and, possibly for Asian American men, give them a chance to push away the many oppressive stereotypes that surround their identities. For our research, we investigated how privilege is felt throughout the Asian American community, how ethnicity and gender play a role in Asian Americans’ sense of privilege, and how Asian media impacts their definitions of privilege. Using a grounded theory approach, we analyzed qualitative data from Asian American college students at UW Bothell. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five participants so far, and we anticipate collecting data from at least five more participants by the time of the presentation. From our interviews, we have found that the perception and experiences regarding racial privilege vary among different ethnicities among Asian Americans (e.g., East vs. South vs. Southeast Asian groups). Additionally, we have found that struggles in the dating scene shaped Asian American men’s views of lacking privilege. Finally, many interviewees felt that Asian media, particularly K-pop and anime, play a key role in shaping how they view themselves as privileged and increasingly value their Asian American identity. Our study points to the need for future scholarship on the analysis of Asian media’s role within Asian Americans and the different types of privileges felt between different ethnicities and genders.

We measured the functional traits of two species of moss (Homalothecium fulgescens and Rhytidiadelphus loreus), native to the Pacific Northwest, to better understand the complex relationships mosses have with other plants in their environment. Mosses play important roles in facilitating other plants around them by increasing moisture and nutrient availability and decreasing the effects of wind. Our research questions aimed to understand how these functional traits of mosses affected seedling growth of 4 native seeds. We measured the water retention and moss thickness of these mosses under control and drought conditions. We watered the control mosses twice a week with 50 mL of deionized water, and drought mosses once a week with 50 mL of deionized water. We measured moss thickness and water retention, then examined the correlation between them. We added seeds (Lupinus succulentus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Lolium perenne, Castilleja miniata) to these pots to see how mosses and their functional traits impacted seed germination. We found seed germination to be related to less moss mat thickness. We found that more seeds grew in Rhytidiadelphus loreus pots despite having less thickness in comparison to Homalothecium fulgescens pots. We found seed germination to be less related to controlled conditions as our results showed that there were more seeds germinated in Rhytidiadelphus loreus under drought conditions than Homalothecium fulgescens in both conditions. In addition, an unplanned fungus (white rust) infected the moss pots. We examined how quickly this infection impacted seedling growth under drought and non-drought conditions. Homalothecium fulgescens was more prone to the infection compared to Rhytidiadelphus loreus. Less seeds grew under infected condition overall.  

Quasars are some of the most luminous objects in the universe. Through analysis of quasar spectra, outflows of gas and dust can be identified by absorption troughs. Outflows that travel at speeds greater than 10% of the speed of light are known as Extremely High Velocity Outflows (EHVOs), and while there have been fewer studies compared to those at lower speeds, they might carry out large amounts of energy due to their higher speeds. The amount of gas in these outflows can be measured and studied through their CIV absorption troughs. However, in some cases, this absorption is contaminated by absorption of other ions at lower speeds. I have developed programming tools to analyze some of these complex EHVO absorption features. I will present the results of applying these techniques to two interesting cases: (1) one of the most luminous quasars in the universe and (2) the fastest known EHVO to date. My work improves the quality of EHVO analysis, resulting in more accurate measurements of absorption of these extreme outflows. This is crucial to obtain better estimates of mass outflow rates and kinetic energies in quasars, of which EHVOs might be some of the largest contributors.

Quasars, located at the centers of distant galaxies, are among the most luminous objects in the universe due to the accretion disks surrounding their central supermassive black holes. By analyzing their spectra, we can observe outflows launched from their accretion disks which grant us insight into their physical and chemical conditions. Some of these outflows, known as Extremely High Velocity Outflows or EHVOs, have been discovered traveling at speeds greater than 10% the speed of light. Due to their extreme speeds, EHVOs carry a significant amount of kinetic energy that could potentially be impacting their host galaxies by either enhancing or quenching their star formation. While outflows traveling at lower speeds have been well studied, there is still much to learn about EHVOs. My project focuses on uncovering the mechanisms that drive EHVOs and the conditions necessary to launch them at such high speeds. To achieve this, I am collaborating with a research team at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas in a theoretical-observational partnership. They generate simulated spectral data of quasar winds using the Sirocco tool, adjusting quasar physical properties such as black hole mass to try and reproduce the conditions that generate EHVOs. We compare these results to observational data from the largest EHVO sample identified in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey’s 16th data release and provide feedback for refining theoretical inputs to better match the data. I will present the results from this work as well as what we have learned from this latest EHVO survey.

This study examines the extensive destruction of Gaza’s key sectors—including healthcare, education, economy, agriculture, and cultural heritage—and assesses the long-term implications for Palestinian society. First, it provides a detailed analysis of the damage, highlighting immediate humanitarian consequences and broader impacts on Gaza’s future stability. Next, it contextualizes this destruction within the history of failed peace processes, emphasizing recurring obstacles to Palestinian sovereignty. Additionally, it explores competing visions for postwar Gaza from Palestinian, Israeli, and American perspectives, analyzing their viability and implications for future governance. By assessing both the devastation and the political trajectories shaping Gaza’s fate, this study underscores the urgent need for a sustainable resolution to prevent the repetition of past failures.

Under India's military occupation, Kashmir has become one of the world's most militarized zones, where systematic human rights violations including enforced disappearances, torture, and sexual violence have been documented. Through analyzing documentary films, visual art, and protest movements, I investigate how Kashmiri women transform individual trauma into collective political action. I focus on two key case studies: the Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons (APDP) and documentary filmmaker Iffat Fatima's "Khoon Diy Baarav." Using ethnographic analysis of films, photographs, testimonies and protest documentation, I demonstrate how these women use memory work and creative documentation to challenge both military occupation and patriarchal structures. The APDP turns monthly protests into spaces for collective mourning while maintaining detailed records that counter official denial. My findings reveal that women's networks employ multiple strategies: preserving memories of the disappeared, creating visual evidence of state violence, building international solidarity through art and film, and establishing alternative archives that document human rights violations. This research contributes to our understanding of how marginalized groups use creative resistance to preserve collective memory and build transnational networks of solidarity under conditions of repression. The implications extend beyond Kashmir to other conflict zones, showing how women's creative activism can effectively challenge dominant narratives while creating powerful spaces for resistance and healing.

Bias in Machine Learning (ML) can lead to unfair treatment of certain groups, particularly in areas like healthcare and finance, where disparate outcomes can have life-altering consequences. New training techniques aim to improve fairness while preserving privacy. Federated Learning (FL) is one such approach, allowing models to be trained on data from many devices without centralizing it. Instead of sharing raw data, each device trains a local model and sends model updates (adjustments based on its local data) to a central server, which aggregates them into a global model. This protects privacy while enabling large-scale training, but differences in data quality, representation, or access across devices can reinforce bias, leading to models that work well for some groups but poorly for others. This project tests whether a debiasing system can effectively mitigate bias in FL without sacrificing model performance. To tackle this, I'm adapting a Reinforcement Learning (RL) system, where an agent learns by interacting with an environment and receiving rewards for beneficial actions. The agent evaluates fairness using feedback from client devices and adjusts the central model’s weights before redistributing it for further training. Using fairness metrics and accuracy as its reward signal, the agent continuously refines its strategy, learning how to mitigate bias while preserving performance. I'm solely responsible for designing, building, testing, and analyzing this system, though I've benefited greatly from the guidance of my mentor, Dr. Afra Mashhadi, insights from her graduate students, and tools developed in prior research. Results from prior work suggest this method can reduce bias while maintaining strong model accuracy, highlighting its potential for improving fairness in FL systems. If successful, this approach could be applied in areas like medical diagnostics, risk assessment in insurance, and hiring algorithms, where biased models can lead to significant real-world harm.

The research project involves designing and building circuits for a pulsed laser and photodetector for a speed of light time of flight measurement device and developing pedagogy and curricula for 200-level experimental laboratory and 400-level senior research project physics courses. We completed project-based learning on circuit principles, Kirchhoff’s Laws, RLC circuits, Thevenin and Norton equivalence, AC signal, phasors, RC filters, oscillators, impedance, diodes, transformers, operational amplifiers, metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET), and introductory optics and optoelectronics. We performed hands-on training on analog circuits logic and components, CAD design, prototyping, and practical physics applications of analog circuits. Technical lab responsibilities include learning to design analog circuits using a CAD program; ordering the printed circuit board (PCB); testing circuits for functionality, accuracy, and precision; testing the speed of light measurement device for precision with light passing through air and other mediums; and measuring the refractive index of different mediums. Physics education responsibilities include incorporating our work into BPHYS 231 Experimental Physics Speed of Light Lab; developing a pre-lab quiz and lab manual; and providing documented guidance for students on learning objectives, instructions on use of the new speed of light device, lab extensions for BPHYS 231 final projects, and research topics for BPHYS 433 Senior Project. Due to the large scope of this project, the research will continue through Autumn 2025.

The impact of microbial communities plays a large role in the lives of all organisms. Numerous thriving communities of microorganisms are present in places we often overlook. Our research investigates the identification of microbial communities present in the University of Washington Bothell's land, specifically the soil, leaves, and mushrooms commonly found around campus. We aim to support future microbiology lab students by identifying additional species that can be used as unknowns and address common issues students face when sequencing and identifying their known microbes. Our team collected 3 samples from 3 different environments, and each microbial strain was isolated, sequenced, and analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to amplify the 16s rRNA gene. The resulting genetic sequences obtained were then matched with NCBI BLAST to determine species identity. Additionally, microscopy and gram-staining were used to classify the bacterial isolates based on their structural characteristics. All collected data will be provided to future students to contribute to their understanding of microbial growth and increase the success rate of replicating and identifying their microbes. We aim to encourage further exploration of microbial life in commonly encountered environments and emphasize the significance of microbes in shaping the ecosystems around us. Understanding these microbial interactions can contribute to a broader understanding in fields such as microbial ecology, medicine, and public health.

The LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) mission is a joint NASA and ESA venture that will measure gravitational waves at frequencies that earth-based antennas cannot capture, such as waves caused by EMRIs (Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals). Before LISA is launched in 2035, it is paramount to learn how to analyze the mission data. My research identifies successful MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) parameter estimation techniques for EMRI signal data. Using simulated LISA data and exploring a range of system parameters in Python, I implemented different MCMC parameter estimation techniques (number of walkers, parallel tempering, etc.) on different kinds of EMRI signals and measured the match between the injected and recovered parameters, as well as examined the likelihood and corner plots to optimize search strategies. With these preliminary results, researchers can better incorporate MCMC parameter estimation techniques for EMRIs into their analysis as they receive data not only from single sources but many overlapping sources at once to determine a "global fit", which recovers likely parameters for all sources detected. Then, general relativity can be tested as any deviations from expected behavior could indicate gravity acts differently than previously predicted. Furthermore, learning about the population of supermassive black holes via their recovered parameters provides insight to their relationship to galaxy evolution.

Girls in Afghanistan have been denied their rights numerous times in history, with restrictions on clothing, work, movement, education, and more. In this project, I explore the persistence of Afghan girls' fight for freedom through underground education and provide a timeline reflecting work on the underground education system. This opens the discussion on what more can be done by powerful global organizations in the context of ever decreasing rights for Afghan women brought upon the events of the Taliban takeover in 2021. My research highlights the brave and selfless Afghans who have committed themselves to empower Afghan girls through underground education by hearing their stories. The goal here is to counteract the continuous turn of limitations on Afghan women's rights that are holding back prosperity in Afghanistan. This examination of underground education and the people who make it possible paves the way for positive intervention. This research will primarily be based on qualitative data and some data visualization.

Nearly all forms of cardiac disease are characterized by cardiac fibrosis, which contributes to heart failure and arrhythmias due to the accumulation of collagen deposits. Collagen, a crucial extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, is secreted by cardiac fibroblasts—the primary cell type responsible for generating this stiff scar tissue known as fibrosis. Fibroblasts are highly plastic cells that can transition between quiescent and activated states. The Davis Lab has developed a minimally invasive intermittent injury model to cyclically stress cardiac fibroblasts in vivo, allowing for a deeper investigation into the role of cellular memory in regulating the fibrotic response. Notably, we can reduce fibrotic remodeling in this model by inhibiting p38 gene function in the activated population, thereby encouraging a shift back to a quiescent state. My work aims to determine whether the once-activated population is proliferating at the second injury stimulus as well, or if a new population of fibroblasts is proliferating with repeat injury. To address this, I am utilizing genetic lineage tracing and Click-iT EdU technology, which allows for precise biolabeling while also preserving cell morphology and integrity by integrating into the cell's DNA. I am also performing immunohistochemistry staining to detect other proteins of interest that will serve as proliferation markers as well. Based on prior findings in the Davis Lab, we hypothesize that once-activated fibroblasts will go on to activate again when exposed to repeated disease stimuli, but there will be no second wave of proliferation as there was no change in total fibroblast number. 

Young children are highly vulnerable to wildfire smoke, especially those in historically marginalized communities where environmental and health disparities persist. This research examines 2023 survey data on childcare facilities in different Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) zones—particularly Grade B (more desirable), Grade C (working-class), and Grade D (historically marginalized)—to prepare for and respond to wildfire smoke. Childcare providers in historically redlined areas (HOLC Grade D) are more affected by wildfire smoke compared to those in more desirable HOLC zones (Grades B and C). I conducted data cleaning and standardization, renaming columns, binary-coding responses, and categorizing each response by HOLC zone. I classified communication methods into media (e.g., phone, TV), person-to-person (e.g., parents, supervisors), and unknown/other. Wildfire response actions were grouped into behavioral changes (e.g., bringing children indoors), temporary physical changes (e.g., closing windows, air cleaners), and permanent modifications (e.g., installing air filtration systems). I structured the dataset in Python to analyze trends and generate visualizations, including pie charts, bar graphs, and tables, to explore response patterns across roles, facility types, and zones. Preliminary findings suggest disparities in preparedness and response strategies. Childcare providers in historically redlined areas reported higher levels of children affected by wildfire smoke exposure, both indoors and outdoors, compared to those in less marginalized zones. While media alerts were the most commonly reported information source, teachers relied more on “unknown” sources, highlighting gaps in communication. This research aims to understand smoke inhalation risks for young children, provide childcare settings with feasible risk management options, and influence policy strategies to make adaptation measures more accessible for vulnerable communities.

American crows (Corvus brachyrynchos) are intelligent birds that use a diverse range of vocalizations to communicate in varying behavioral contexts. We aimed to interpret these calls objectively to broaden our understanding of how crows use their vocalizations to communicate, and how specific acoustic factors change relative to the behavioral contexts in which they are used. To do this, we recorded and analyzed vocalizations of crows in two behavioral contexts: pre-roosting and mobbing. Pre-roosting is a routine behavior, occurring before sunset, where crows group together before traveling to their roost sites. Mobbing is a situational behavior where groups of crows harass a predator with approaches and calls to repel it. In this study, we initiated mobbing by playing the audio of a distress call (made by a crow when restrained by a predator) and displaying a model owl. Using a bioacoustics analysis program called Raven Pro, we extracted acoustic variables from our audio recordings, such as frequency, duration, amplitude, etc. Using these variables, we created machine learning models to differentiate pre-roost and mobbing recordings. Further analysis showed frequency-related variables were crucial during mobbing behavior. To clarify how frequency/pitch is related to mobbing, we modified the frequency of a typical crow call to match the peak frequency of a distress call and vice versa. We then played these modified calls back to wild crows and monitored their responses. Our results showed altering call frequency significantly influenced mobbing behavior. Lowering the pitch of distress calls to decreased mobbing responses. Conversely, increasing the pitch of a typical call did not induce mobbing behavior comparable to a distress call. These findings demonstrate acoustic variation in crow vocalizations is context-dependent and thereby expands our knowledge of crow social communication.

Heartistry is a digital art gallery project dedicated to showcasing the journey of healing and empowerment for victim-survivors of relationship abuse. Heartistry, as a concept and in practice, embodies the powerful intersection of heart and artistry. As a victim-survivor myself, art became an outlet for me to express my feelings, reclaim power, and honor the complexity of resilience. My goal with this project is to establish a general understanding of how recovery is non-linear and deeply personal while also a universal human experience. I produced nine art pieces, utilizing three theoretical frameworks to explore different healing directions. Each framework -- Resilience Theory, Narrative Therapy, and Trauma-Informed Care -- guides three art pieces in direction, meaning, and intentionality. Project Heartistry consists of three sections: the art and description connecting it to the framework, resources for victim-survivors and their supporters as well as resources to learn more about each framework, and an about page with the intention of the project. My hope is that other victim-survivors may feel empowered to share their art with me and the site can adapt into a gallery of many artist's work, but for now, it is just my nine pieces. It was incredibly important for me to approach the art, my language, and site design sensitively, intentionally, and inclusively. The biggest takeaways from Heartistry is that healing is not linear, victim-survivors are not alone, and art is therapeutic. 

The purpose of this research is to provide a nuanced understanding of a nation that struggles with insecurity and inequality, ultimately calling for a policy reform, aimed at promoting ethical resource extraction, and sustainable development. This research will analyze the root causes of the resource exploitation and decades long of turmoil the Democratic Republic of Congo faces. This research will look at how the issue is being resolved and if any improvements to a prosperous nation have been made in recent years. I will also talk about US intervention and its foreign policy reforms to uphold companies, countries and individuals accountable. This paper will also take a look at the migration crisis, along with the extreme human rights abuses being done to the Congolese people.

The synthesis and characterization of films for interaction with methane and hydrogen is a project with two motivations. 1) TiO2 as a catalyst support has been found to favorably impact the activity in water gas shift reaction, a step carried out alongside Steam Methane Reformation (SMR) in the conversion of methane to hydrogen. We aim to understand the interaction between methane and TiO2 catalyst support deposited on an alumina substrate. A thermal evaporator was used to deposit titanium thin film onto alumina substrates and post oxidized in flowing oxygen at elevated temperatures (200-250°C). We observed evidence for the post-oxidized film to behave like a dielectric and acquire a charge when placed in the path of an electron beam in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). 2) Depositing titanium onto graphite substrate to examine if there is enhancement in hydrogen incorporation into graphite due to Hydrogen Spillover Effect (HSPE).

The topic of abortion has been heavily debated throughout countries, with many religious groups being for or against the medical procedure. From there, the movements "Pro-life" and "Pro-choice" have been constantly tossed around in the media, portraying one group as wrong while the other group is right. Pro-choice arguments stem from how women globally have been denied abortion rights. In contrast, Pro-life arguments stem from religious beliefs and focus on the morality of murdering a potential life. Unfortunately, stances around this subject become increasingly unfair when authorities favor one side. An example is The Global Gag Rule (GGR), the "Mexico City Policy". This policy is a governmental policy that states how NGOs and non-US territories will lose US health funding if they have any information promoting abortion. What occurs is that once a Republican president is in office, this policy is reinstated. Reinstation of this policy means that NGOs, governmental agencies, and health clinics will be ineligible to receive funding, meaning that they have no choice but to give up their abortion services to continue receiving monetary aid from USAID. On the other hand, revoking this policy, which a Democratic president typically does, means that abortion support has no part in the eligibility for US foreign aid. While this may seem like sometimes there should not be an issue when it is reinstated or revoked, the constant back and forth in this policy causes a human rights regression.

Prekindergarten programs have grown in popularity in the United States throughout recent decades and discussions about funding a universal (nationwide) prekindergarten program (U-PK) have increased as legislators consider the implications of such policies. Existing research points to long-term benefits of attending prekindergarten, while short-term benefits are often obscured by a phenomenon known as “fadeout”. Notably, there is a lack of empirical research describing the relationship between prekindergarten attendance and subsequent elementary school success. Regardless, parents, educators, and legislators share a common goal of improving educational outcomes for prekindergarten-age students. I have summarized research findings from existing studies on prekindergarten effectiveness by analyzing them through the lens of early childhood development, historical trends, and current U.S. education policies. Based on these results, I designed a longitudinal research proposal seeking to address shortfalls I identified within existing research. A comprehensive understanding of the nuances in early childhood education research, especially studies relating to prekindergarten effectiveness, is necessary to inform future discussions about U-PK. Most recently, the Universal Prekindergarten and Early Childhood Education Act of 2024 (H.R. 7114) was introduced in the House of Representatives, which would delegate funds to establish or expand access to full-day prekindergarten programs at public schools. Although further action towards this bill remains to be taken, its proposal alludes to an ongoing national emphasis on the value of early childhood education. Through analyzing the relevant past and present factors impacting early childhood education today, this paper intends to inform parents, educators, and various other interest groups by providing context to interpret research findings. It also serves as a call-to-action for future research and policies addressing U-PK in the United States.

This project aims to generate and analyze data of antibiotic resistance in E.coli isolates and membrane pore filters from water filtration of samples taken from Bothell City recreational waters, sourced by Amanda Royal at the City of Bothell and under the mentorship of Dr. Sen and Dr. Turner. Using qPCR for known resistance genes as well as Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assays, I will see what, if any, correlations there may be between the patterns of antimicrobial  resistance across different types of samples, dates of collection, and water sources. This may reflect the impact and relationship that humans have with the bacteria in their environment and the role that our antibiotic use can have on environmental bacteria. This project will help to investigate the potential link between antibiotic resistance in E.coli causing infection and resistance in E.coli and other coliforms circulating in our environment. 

The use of data visualizations in qualitative research varies widely across disciplines, yet there is little consensus on how these visuals are constructed, evaluated, or effectively integrated. This project employs a data-driven literature review to systematically explore these differences and examine the broader intersection of qualitative research and data visualization. We analyze existing studies from qualitative research journals and evaluate them through the Grammar of Graphics framework. Rather than establishing a rigid standard, this research develops a systematic approach to assess and enhance how qualitative data visualizations are used. By mapping various qualitative fields along a spectrum, we identify key factors—such as disciplinary norms, methodological choices, and technological advancements—that influence the adoption and presentation of data visuals. The produced framework does not merely classify the presence of visualizations but examines their function, effectiveness, and alignment with different epistemological stances. Ultimately, this study aims to improve the clarity, accessibility, and impact of qualitative findings by providing a structured understanding of how data visualizations are utilized. By systematically mapping these variations, this study not only reveals the diverse ways qualitative research engages with visualization but also provides a foundation for more intentional and impactful integration, ensuring that visual tools enhance both the interpretability and communicative power of qualitative findings across disciplines. This study is ongoing, and we will present preliminary findings and their implications on the relationship between qualitative research and data visualization.

This study investigates the mechanical behavior and fracture mechanisms of 3D-printed continuous carbon fiber/polymer matrix unidirectional composite materials as potential alternatives to conventionally processed laminate samples of similar geometry and constituents. A Markforged Mark Two 3D-printer is used for printing test samples using a proprietary nylon based, Onyx matrix-reinforced with C particulate and pure C fiber filament. 3D-printed samples and laminate samples will be evaluated through tensile and flexural tests to quantify mechanical properties to include strength, modulus of elasticity, and percent elongation. Hardness and sample densities will also be compared. Printing limitations of the Markforged printer will also be investigated. Fracture surfaces of both 3D printed samples and laminates will be examined with both stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to investigate differences in fracture morphologies involving fiber and matrix.

This project examines community-driven strategies for preserving shoujo and josei manga, genres created for young and adult women by female manga creators. Despite their significance in representing gender and identity, these works face archival neglect due to institutional bias, lack of preservation funding, and limited institutional recognition of female manga creators’ contributions. This research investigates how non-professionals can contribute to preserving and ensuring access to these materials through community-driven and hybrid archival models. Through a comparative analysis, I assess how community-driven archives preserve marginalized media with greater flexibility and inclusivity than traditional methods. I also conduct case studies of successful archival models and interview archivists and contributors to evaluate strategies for collection management, accessibility, and sustainability. My findings will outline a scalable, community-integrated archival framework that balances professional preservation standards with participatory engagement, ensuring the long-term accessibility of shoujosei manga. This project is the foundation for my forthcoming Fulbright Scholarship in Japan, where I will apply these strategies to develop a shoujosei manga archive. My findings will contribute to preserving female manga creators' artistic and historical legacies.

Perfectionism is defined as “striving for flawlessness and setting exceedingly high standards for performance, accompanied by tendencies for overly critical evaluations” (Stoeber, 2011). It has become a growing topic in mental health research, particularly in understanding its impact on well-being for people of color. Among Asian Americans, cultural expectations, the “model minority” stereotype, and discrimination have been linked to increased depressive symptoms and perfectionistic tendencies (Suh et al., 2023). Given these high stakes, our research aims to understand how racial, ethnic, and cultural identities influence the views and experiences of perfectionism and self-compassion among Asian Americans. Using a grounded theory approach (Charmaz, 2006), we analyzed qualitative data from Asian American students at the University of Washington Bothell. We have conducted semi-structured interviews with five participants so far and anticipate collecting data from at least five more participants by the time of the presentation. Our findings reveal that Asian American participants often struggled with perfectionism in the past, largely driven by pressure from their immigrant families and the academic expectations of the model minority stereotype. Shaped by these experiences, perfectionism influenced their daily lives. Whether it was pressure to game efficiently, maintain high grades, or follow strict, regulated gym and eating routines, participants described perfectionism as wanting to optimize every aspect of their lives. However, many found healing through forgiving themselves, which we connected to a form of self-compassion. We aim to use this knowledge to help students develop stronger self-compassion techniques, ultimately improving their well-being and quality of life. Our study findings point to the need for future scholarship and practice on culturally sensitive counseling approaches that acknowledge how perfectionism can be shaped by cultural identity and other intersecting factors, allowing for more effective support and intervention.

This study explores the content and effectiveness of responses in suicide ideation subreddits, comparing human responses to those generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). Mental health discussions on online platforms such as Reddit provide crucial support for individuals in distress, and as AI tools like LLMs become more common, their role in these sensitive discussions needs to be evaluated. Using data from the r/SuicideWatch and r/depression subreddits from 2020, 2023, and 2024, I analyzed 150 human responses and 150 LLM-generated responses for emotional resonance, support styles, and contextual relevance. The findings revealed that human responses were more empathy-driven, often emphasizing emotional validation and shared experiences, while LLM-generated responses were more focused on providing practical advice. A semantic analysis showed that while LLMs aligned well with the contextual content of posts, they fell short in conveying the emotional depth and personal connection inherent in human interactions. This study highlights the strengths and limitations of AI-generated responses in mental health discussions, suggesting that while LLMs can assist in offering guidance, they are not yet capable of fully replicating the emotional complexity and personal understanding found in human responses. These findings will guide future research aimed at improving AI models to better simulate empathy in sensitive contexts such as mental health.

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease in the United States and worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous loci associated with bone mineral density (BMD), however, the target genes at most of these loci remain unknown. Multiple GWAS have identified the TNFRSF11B-COLEC10 locus to be associated with BMD. TNFRSF11B, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11B, is a gene that encodes for osteoprotegerin (OPG), a key regulator of bone resorption. COLEC10, collectin subfamily member 10, encodes a C-lectin family protein involved in neural crest cell migration, endocrine function, and the nervous system, though its role in bone remains unknown. While TNFRSF11B is presumed to be the target gene at the TNFRSF11B-COLEC10 locus, we have obtained preliminary data that loss of COLEC10 in zebrafish results in altered bone morphology. However, these animals were mosaic for mutations in COLEC10, preventing a uniequivocal determination of its role in bone. The purpose of my study is to map genotype-to-phenotype relationships in COLEC10 and TNFRSF11B germline mutant zebrafish. Mutants for COLEC10 were generated by ENU mutagenesis as part of the Sanger Mutation Project. Mutants for TNFRSF11B were generated by our lab using CRISPR. I will genotype both mutants using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis. I will scan the adult fish (90 days post fertilization) using micro-computed tomography (microCT), and then utilize FishCuT for the segmentation and analysis of the vertebral column of each zebrafish. The primary outcomes will be the tissue mineral density (TMD), volume (Vol), thickness (Th), and length (Le), in the centrum, haemal arch, and neural arch of each vertebra. By determining whether COLEC10 is a gene of major effect compared to TNFRSF11B, my research will help to elucidate COLEC10’s skeletal function and its potential role as a casual gene underlying genetic risk for osteoporosis.