Benzalkonium Chlorides (BACs) are widely used as an antimicrobial disinfectant in a variety of food and consumer goods processing. Exposure to BACs has increased significantly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. BACs have been reported in common foods like fruits, milk, and other dairy products, raising concerns about the impact of BACs on human health via oral exposure. Recent work in our lab has reported that BACs are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYPs) 4Fs and 2D6 in the liver. However, there is a gap in knowledge regarding how BACs and BAC metabolites are distributed throughout the body, post-oral exposure. We hypothesize that insight into BAC disposition and distribution following an oral exposure route could lead to valuable knowledge of BAC accumulation and subsequent toxicity. In this study, we exposed male and female C57BL/6 mice to deuterated C12- and C16-BACs at 120 μg/g/day for one week via a gel food diet. We harvested liver, lung, heart, spleen, and intestinal section tissues at the end of the study, as well as fecal samples at two time points, and a singular urine time point. Through a targeted BAC and BAC metabolite quantitation analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we found omega-oxidation of the alkyl chain to carboxylic acid followed by beta-oxidation to be a major route of metabolism. Additionally, we found that the liver and big intestine had a higher metabolizing capacity than other tissues and the C16 BACs were preferentially metabolized compared to the C12 BACs. This work provided a deeper look into the disposition and metabolism of BACs and revealed organs that are susceptible to BAC exposure for future studies

This digital humanities capstone project builds upon my senior thesis “An Analysis of Western Perspectives on the Khmer Republic, 1970-2023”. The thesis examined Western scholarly works related to the escalating events that enabled the Khmer Rouge’s rise in Cambodia, revealing biases in how the events leading up to the Cambodian Genocide were portrayed. This research demonstrated that the roots of the Cambodian genocide stretched back years before the Khmer Rouge came to power, fueled by political instability and civil war. Through an interactive digital timeline, this project synthesizes primary and secondary sources across media reports, government records, and academic analysis, to name a few, to visually display the narratives and divergences in Western scholar’s perspectives. My main research question has changed from the start of this project, today resulting in: How can a digital timeline effectively showcase the divergences in Western scholars’ portrayal of events during the Lon Nol Era, that preceded the Cambodian Genocide? Over the past two semesters, I have been building a website to illustrate the history leading up to the Khmer Rouge regime. The website features an interactive timeline and globe, based on latitude and longitude points. It features three interlinking sections tracking: 1) Scholarly Works, 2) Surrounding World Events, and 3) The Lon Nol Era and Cambodian Genocide. By revealing biases and gaps through a visual model, it can reveal blind spots or skewed narratives. It can also track interconnections, and observe how scholarly interpretations evolved to provide context for the escalating political instability to demonstrate the Khmer Rouge’s rise in power. By uniquely challenging oversimplified narratives, this project can provide a more contextual understanding of how Western perspectives shaped understanding of the Cambodian Genocide.