Politicians use inflammatory language to manipulate voters via aspects of identity: race, sexuality, gender, religion. Due to differences in values within each of these groups, word choice significantly impacts ideological viewpoints. This literature review’s purpose is to highlight the study of inflammatory language that manipulates the public’s identity. During the World Warâ…¡Era the Nazis used false information to sway the public toward an identity-based agenda. In a stark comparison, representation of race was essential in the fight for civil rights. Thus, where is the moral line drawn in the use of identity politics? If an individual doesn’t have an egalitarian outlook, words are weaponized against different communities. Later in the Reagan Era, Reagan used religious catchphrases to rally the Moral Majority, in which he used the religion of others to his own advantage. Negative tribalism re-occurs as a socio-political trend reaffirmed by trigger concepts. The findings are that politicians from all over the political spectrum use terms that irrationally anger and rally narrow bases. These dog-whistle-like phrases are used in ways that subvert two group identities in one way or another, like the power dynamic between agents and the oppressed. This project investigates the effects of politicians’ diction in contrast with the reaction of different communities. The use of terminology by powerful people, could be a danger to the survival of the democratic process. Political analysts need to be aware of the intersectional relationship between inflammatory language and identity to better understand hostage holding behaviors of each political party. An inflammation of this vocabulary could spark a similar hatred of the past and leave our democracy left in ashes.

The Supreme Court is often viewed with awe and the justices treated with reverence. It is the highest court in the United States, tasked with interpreting the law. But is the Supreme Court the neutral arbiter of justice it purports to be? Most recently, the 2022 ruling on Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization overturned the fifty-year precedent of Roe v. Wade, causing the Court to face increasing scrutiny and questions of its legitimacy. I conduct a philosophical analysis of the arguments made by the justices in the opinions on Roe v. Wade, Planned Parenthood v. Casey, and Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization to understand the way abortion jurisprudence is argued. In the Court’s opinion on Casey, the plurality constructs an argument for the legitimacy of the Court. I take this argument and assess its logical validity, and then with the framework the argument presents, I examine if the Court is able to maintain its neutrality in the context of philosophical arguments. Then, using case law analysis from Melissa Murray about the impact of abortion and precedent, as well as Ronald Dworkin’s constitutional evaluation from Freedom’s Law, I discuss the role that legal principles play in abortion jurisprudence and apply political behavior research into motivated reasoning to better understand the Court’s political motivations. I find, on their own criteria, that the Court fails to maintain the neutrality they claim to have, meaning they are a political body. I also find the Court’s political nature impacts its ability to decide on controversial topics, and provide suggestions for what this means for the Court’s role in American government as we face increasing polarization.

 This research seeks to analyze and understand the approach and treatment of victims of sexual assaults stories and accounts in the broader historical narrative, using case studies of the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide. My research explores the question of what effects the response to the role of sexual assault in genocide by historians and academics and what implications that has for the historiography of genocide. I conducted this research by collecting and reading first-hand accounts of survivors and their experiences of sexual assault to construct a narrative and clear understanding of the role rape played in each genocide, and then analyzed the historical response and research of these narratives following the events. The two case studies are synthesized and compared in this project to understand which attributes of political and social policy effected the reception of stories of victims and witnesses of rape and assault. My research is still underway, but thus far is revealing the slow response from scholars regarding rape following the Holocaust and how that may have influenced a difference in the response and scholarship following the Rwandan genocide. Both genocides are affected by unique struggles in collecting witness accounts, as well as stigma around traumatic data of this nature. This research is important in the social studies field as it commentates on the consistent lack of attention given to victims of sexual violence in the past and present, and advocates for increased education and awareness on the overlooked stories of these individuals, whether or not they lived to tell them themselves.

The paper investigates the viability of increased intergenerational solidarity welfare policy as a potential solution for the prevalent issue of loneliness experienced by older immigrant adults. Many older adults in individualist societies experience painful loneliness due to social isolation, which is exacerbated by patterns of adult children immigrating away from their parents for work opportunities.. Isolation often increases the prevalence of depression, vulnerability to scamming, and individualistic ideals that cause shame. Previous research of intergenerational solidarity (IS) reveals that multigenerational homes positively impact the well being of older adults living with their family members. IS research identifies factors such as economic, emotional, and functional interactions among family members and analyzes their role in societal institutions and mental wellness. This paper examines survey research studies that investigate matters of multigenerational interactions and physical access to community in the older adult demographic. Literature reviews of case studies are vital to implementing effective welfare in this context because it allows future programs to identify under served groups within the greater population. The literature review highlights the often overlooked emotional and financial cost that middle generation mothers pay to preserve IS interactions between their parents and children. Additionally, the comparative literature review found that older immigrant adults face more severe geographical and social barriers to IS interactions. Government welfare policy has the potential to alleviate these challenges, which disproportionately burden middle generation mothers and older adult immigrants. By providing publicly funded opportunities for IS interactions outside of the home, middle generation mothers and older adult immigrants can experience the benefits of community without economic and emotional hurdles. Building a foundation of intergenerational solidarity challenges the cycle of loneliness by equipping each generation with tools to seek out togetherness in the face of modern political and social challenges.