Spanish is one of the fastest growing spoken languages in the United States. In 2017, the US census reported that about 41 million residents (13.4%) speak Spanish in the home. Since the number of Spanish speakers increases annually in the United States, it is important to research how Spanish heritage language (HL) learners and Spanish second language (L2) learners interact with each other. Many assume that speaking with a Spanish HL learner will improve the quality of the L2 learner’s Spanish. The goal of my project is to analyze the amount of English spoken between the two types of students and the opportunities for learning created during their interaction by correcting each other’s grammar or helping each other to use different vocabulary words. To this end, I have transcribed the Spanish conversations between two Spanish L2 students and formatted them using the F4/F5 transcription software. I am currently coding them using a qualitative data analysis program called Atlas.Ti, with the addition of three other transcriptions that had already been transcribed. I predict that our results will demonstrate that, while some learning will occur between the HL and L2 students, a majority of the learning will occur among Spanish L2 learners. Since the research is still ongoing, I predict that due to the greater level of comfort a Spanish L2 learner has while talking to a fellow Spanish L2 learner, they will work together to solve more language issues than with a Spanish HL learner. This research is important due to its implications for improving how Spanish is taught in schools across the United States.

We present optical and infrared photometry of the T Tauri binary KH 15D acquired in the 2017/2018 observing season. The data were obtained from the A Novel Dual Imaging CAMera (ANDICAM) instrument on the 1.3m telescope operated by the Small Moderate Aperture Research Telescope System (SMARTS) at the Cerro-Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO). KH 15D includes two young stars (A and B, with 0.72 and 0.74 solar masses, respectively) orbiting their common center of mass, surrounded by an inclined precessing circumbinary disk. The recent data reveals Star B gradually emerging from the trailing “fuzzy” edge of the disk and is now in a stage that is completely unocculted for the first time since the system’s discovery in 1995. We use time-series photometry, or light curves, to probe the composition of the disk, derive parameters of Star B, and demonstrate the overall mechanics of the system. Recent data also shows reddening during the egress of the last eclipse, proving that the trailing edge of the disk is transparent and consists of dust-sized particles. Additionally, the most recent data displays Star B at a brighter magnitude than ever than before, allowing us to calculate an apparent I magnitude of 14.079, which is 12% brighter than previously computed.

Freshwater is one of the most valuable resources in Washington State. In recent decades, water supply has been affected due to climate change and population growth. Understanding changes in water supply and demand is crucial for ensuring an abundance of water for residential, economic, and industrial needs. The proposed research analyzes changes in the streamflow regime of the Cedar and Tolt Rivers which provide drinking water for the greater Seattle area. The main goal is to calculate the water budgets for the Cedar and Tolt watersheds and estimate how the inputs and outputs to these budgets change over the 21st century. An existing ensemble of streamflow projections for the Cedar and Tolt Rivers are used to analyze changes in water supply. The mean streamflow for each month is compared between a 30-year control period (water years 1971-2000) and a 30-year future period (water years 2031-2060). For each of these periods, I determine “optimistic” and “pessimistic” scenarios for the streamflow. For the “drought” month the highest streamflow value is considered as “optimistic”, and the lowest as “pessimistic” since the goal is to assess potential shortages. I use existing monthly demand values provided by Seattle Public Utilities and create different future scenarios, based on the predictions of population and employment growth. Supply and demand values are compared to evaluate (1) the potential for water shortage and (2) water management and conservation methods to satisfy the unmet demand. One potential water management method is the construction of a new reservoir. The results of the research are aimed at helping to inform society and water managers about the potential changes in the water system. Based on this information, they might be able to introduce changes in their future plans to accommodate the predicted needs.

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a common cause of workplace injuries and deaths for industrial workers. In our project, we use Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model organism for investigating how cells behave under an environmental stressor and the long-lasting effects of that behavior. Previous work in our lab has shown that early exposure to low H₂S (50 ppm) enable C. elegans adults to survive a much higher subsequent exposure by forming a cellular memory known as a “bookmark.” Bookmarked animals survive at high H₂S (150 ppm), while animals without previous exposure do not. In a genetic screen, we identified various epigenetic factors that are involved in this process; however, it is still unclear when in the “life” of the bookmark and where in the animal these factors are required. The required bookmarking gene swsn-4 is part of the SWI/SNF complex, a group of proteins that regulate compaction of DNA and thus the accessibility of genes. We are interested in assessing the spatial requirements for swsn-4 by rescuing mutant animals that lack this chromatin-remodeling factor. For the first part of the project, we use Gateway recombination cloning technology to enable tissue-specific expression of swsn-4. In the next part of the project, we test whether introducing swsn-4 in specific tissues rescues bookmark retention. A recent study identified hif-1, a transcription factor, to be broadly needed to rescue animals exposed to both low and high H₂S, suggesting that the response is needed in most cells to ensure survival of the animal. Because swsn-4 is also present broadly in the body of C. elegans, we predict it will be needed in a similar way to hif-1. We hope that our investigation would lead us to discovering methods in which we can utilize the properties of H₂S as a chemical messenger to help patients.

Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe form of childhood epilepsy caused by a mutation in the SCN1A gene, which encodes the NaV1.1 voltage-gated Na+ channel. This channel is present in most GABAergic neurons, the main inhibitory neurons in the brain. Reduced activity of the channel in DS leads to loss of inhibitory activity in the brain; this, in turn, leads to seizures and developmental deficits. Through previous research using the mouse model of DS, the de la Iglesia lab has demonstrated that DS also affects circadian rhythms, which are the endogenous biological rhythms synchronized to the 24 hour day. These symptoms are likely caused by the loss of NaV1.1 in a sleep regulatory center called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a set of cells which functions as the ‘master clock’ of the circadian system of mammals. However, the de la Iglesia lab found that selective deletion of the SCN1A gene from the SCN fails to replicate the abnormal circadian phenotype. We believe that these mutant mice are phenotypically normal either because there is a compensatory increase in the expression of another sodium channel, NaV1.3, or because the targeting strategy does not reach all cells within the SCN. To test the first hypothesis we employed in-situ hybridization to visualize the expression of the genes that code for NaV1.1 and NaV1.3 channels in either SCN-specific knock outs or their wild type littermates. My results will help explain the phenotype seen in the SCN-specific SCN1A mutants and determine whether developmental compensatory mechanisms are important in the SCN of DS mice.

Most organisms show a roughly 24-h cycle in their physiological and behavioral processes, called circadian rhythms, generated endogenously through the ~24h cyclic expression of genes known as clock genes. Clock gene expression oscillates in the master circadian clock of mammals – the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - and nearly every cell of the body. Typically, circadian clocks and the rhythms they sustain are ‘entrained’ by the 24-h light-dark (LD) cycle. Our lab has found that fear can also behave as an entraining factor. We observed that when mice or rats need to leave a safe nesting area to access a foraging area, they forage and feed during the dark phase of the LD cycle. If the foraging area is rendered dangerous with random uncued footshocks during the active dark phase, the animals’ foraging and feeding activity shifts to the light phase. My goal is to understand the neural circuits and molecular processes involved in fear entrainment. I have analyzed the expression of clock genes in animals exposed to nighttime fear and control animals exposed to daytime fear; this allowed me to assess the circadian rhythm of expression of clock genes of interest (Per1 and Bmal1) in the SCN and amygdala, and I found that the amygdala entrains to fear but the SCN does not. I have also performed trials with brain-specific-knockout mice and found that nocturnal fear entrainment requires an intact molecular clock. My current experiments use a more specific knockout strategy of viral injections into the brain to determine whether a functioning circadian oscillator in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) or the SCN is needed for nocturnal fear entrainment. These experiments serve to unmask the molecular mechanism of fear entrainment and could also help understand the mechanisms linking fear and anxiety disorders to problems with circadian rhythms and sleep.

Through the use of virtual and augmented reality technology, we want to record clinical interactions within the respective environments on acute stroke patients to help us design more acceptable gaming technologies for a wide range of ages and backgrounds in future studies. With the combined efforts of the computer science and electrical engineering team, we were able to produce two games; "Dolphin Days" for the augmented reality environment and "Apollo" for the virtual reality environment. "Apollo" will be available for play during the duration of the symposium. The purpose of exposing patients to these environments is to promote neuroplasticity in the recovery process. Neuroplasticity is when the brain can reform or grow new nerve endings to reconnect with the affected areas in order to accomplish a function. Clinically, our experience has been that patient motivation is key to obtaining good clinical outcomes. Stroke rehabilitation therapies can often be tedious and difficult to maintain interest in. These types of interventions, by incorporating the desired exercises into a motivating and game-like environment, could potentially address this issue. Additionally, these systems offer the potential advantage of not requiring the immediate presence of a skilled occupational and physical therapist. Cost and insurance limitations often mean patients get a limited number of skilled therapy sessions. Therapists skilled in the rehabilitation of stroke are often less available in rural regions and patients often struggle to travel to therapy appointments. All of these factors limit the patient’s overall access to skilled therapeutic interventions. Our results found the overall patient census enjoying the environments while also having them engaged with the technologies. We believe using these technologies would further motivate patients undergoing stroke therapy to continue participation and ultimately reach a state where the patient feels confident physically and mentally to resume their daily tasks pre-stroke.

Differences in the morphology (size and shape) between sexes in mammals is common and serve to provide advantages in various contexts. Size differences can be allometric (Rensch’s rule), where females are typically larger in smaller species and vice versa. In bats, females are generally larger, although this does not follow an allometric pattern. Instead, it is suggested that selection for mobility and efficient parenting drive sexual dimorphism in bats. Ralls’ ‘Big Mother’ hypothesis suggests that larger size in female bats is due to a need for mobility during reproduction. Bat flight behavior is highly influenced by wing morphology. Therefore, in addition to size differences, females may have different wing shapes, which reduce the load of the fetus during pregnancy. Consistent with the big mother hypothesis, size typically varies more in the wings (e.g., forearm length) as opposed to other body size measurements (e.g., skull length). In this study, I compare cranial, body, and wing size differences between male and female little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). I also analyze shape differences in the wings between the sexes, using a geometric morphometric approach. Using digital photographs, I placed 14 homologous anatomical landmarks on the wings and body of 83 bats (33 female, 50 male). I use a generalized procrustes analysis in order to obtain shape variables from the digitized landmark configurations. I used t-tests to compare cranial and body size measurements, and I use a procrustes anova to test for differences in the wing shape between males and females. I found significant female-biased differences in forearm (p < 0.01), wingspan (p < 0.01), and total length (p < 0.05) measurements. Wing shape measurements are still in progress. Our results may contribute to growing evidence that sexual dimorphisms in bats are related to selection for mobility during pregnancy and lactation.

The transfer of carbon in and out of ecosystems is a complex process that is affected by many factors. The largest factor in carbon transfers is the photosynthesis and respiration rates of plants, which sequester and release carbon dioxide. Additionally, processes like soil leaching, sediment burial in lakes, downstream transport and even forest fires and animal migrations have an effect on the movement of carbon throughout ecosystems. In this study we ask the question: “How do physical and climatic conditions influence the concentration of carbon in small streams in the Pacific Northwest?” Our study site includes sixteen watersheds with areas that range from 500-2,500 acres in the northeastern portion of the Olympic National Forest. Using a GIS framework, we compiled satellite and LiDAR datasets of soil type, rainfall, slope, tree age and aspect and summarized these data for each of the sixteen watersheds. Our goal is to better understand which physical factors have the most influence on carbon transport in streams. By comparing our watershed-specific data to measurements of dissolved organic carbon and water quality characteristics in the streams, we identify correlations that can inform on the potential controls on carbon export in the rain-dominated catchments on the Olympic Peninsula.

Proteins are essential to life, but many structural methods fail to capture the dynamic nature of proteins. This means researchers are left with an incomplete view of how protein function and structure relate. The Stoll lab uses electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to study the dynamic structure of proteins. The project I am working on is investigating the way in which the measurement conditions in EPR affect the determined protein structure. We use maltose binding protein (MBP) as a model system, since its structure has been previously well-characterized. My primary role has been to create new mutants for site-directed spin labeling, in which a radical spin label is attached to the protein. This radical is measured by placing the sample in a magnetic field and results in a probability distribution of distances. Common spin labels used in EPR, however, have many rotatable bonds, andd can cause uncertainty in the extracted distance distribution. Our project is investigating the contribution of spin labels to the EPR experiment. I use polymerase chain reaction to create new mutants of MBP by swapping a native residue with a cysteine residue in the mutants. Each mutant has one or two amino acids replaced with a cysteine. After mutating the DNA, I then transform the mutant DNA into wild type cells to grow the mutant protein and purify the protein. The spin label forms a disulfide bond with the cysteine residue in the mutant, providing an unpaired electron for measurement. By using various commonly used spin labels on many different site pairs in MBP, we hope to develop a model in which the contribution of spin labels to the probability distribution of distances is accounted for. This will ensure more accurate results in determining protein structure and will aid in structural characterization of many proteins.

The focus of this research is on Spanish heritage language (HL) and second language (L2) learners. An HL learner is a student who comes from a house where Spanish is spoken, but still; needs Spanish classes to master certain aspects of his/her first language. Sometimes English is also spoken at home: e.g., one parent speaks Spanish and the other English, or the student speaks Spanish with his/her parents but English with his/her siblings. On the other hand, an L2 learner is a student who is learning Spanish in a classroom setting. His/her first language may be English or any language other than Spanish. Between these two groups of students, there are important differences when it comes to learning Spanish, for example, L2 students are more knowledgeable about Spanish grammar rules and academic vocabulary. On the other hand, HL students have more fluency and much more knowledge about the culture. The focus of this research is on how the interaction between an HL and an L2 learner in a classroom impacts learning for both students. My role in this research is to transcribe the audio-recorded conversations between two L2 students and to compare these conversations with those between the same L2 students and an HL learner. I will analyze how the students collaborate and how they work to find the solution to any challenge they face that is associated with vocabulary, grammar or orthography. I hypothesize that pairing an L2 and an HL student will generate more interaction since each student offers different sources of knowledge. Pairing an L2 student with an HL student creates a diversity of ideas that I expect to increase learning. This analysis will help us to better understand how to create a more efficient learning environment, for both HL and L2 students, within mixed classrooms.

With the rise of social media numerous nationally publicized incidents of large groups of people harassing a private party over the internet have taken place. A review of current research points to several possible causes. One body of research suggests certain patterns in neural activity which could be encouraging individuals to harass total strangers online - a phenomena which may be partially to blame. These patterns may be anthropological artifacts evolved to protect humans in primitive tribal groups which provide neurological rewards for actors who punish detrimental behavior in bad actors. These reward structures are now manifesting in the online environment due to its unique low-risk nearly anonymous nature and/or lack of tangible repercussions that would normally inhibit this behavior. Other researchers suggest these attacks may be a form of virtue signaling to let peers know the harasser is not like the perceived bad actor. (e.g. harassing a perceived racist signals to others that one is not racist). The issue is so new there is no strong scientific agreement in the psychological community as to what is really taking place, or in some cases even what terminology applies. Research in this topic may lead to better understanding of human machine interaction, and cyber-psychology.

Becoming a mother can be an incredibly beautiful process, but it can also become overwhelming and extremely stressful, especially when lacking support and resources. The chronic and significant stress that low-income, pregnant women experience put them at greater risk for adverse health outcomes and their infant at risk for poor developmental outcomes. At the University of Washington’s Center for Child and Family Well-Being, our research team has developed mindfulness-based interventions to help new moms adjust to their new life. Our goal is to examine the effects of stress on the mother-infant dyad and to evaluate whether these programs are beneficial for moms and their babies. Expecting mothers are randomly assigned to attend one mindfulness-based program that focuses on preparing for childbirth, reducing postpartum stress, or developing parenting skills. Administration of extensive questionnaires to the mother and recordings of the mother and baby completing various tasks, before and after the program, measure the pair’s socioemotional development. We also collect cortisol, a stress hormone, and measure heart rate and breathing during a stress-reactivity paradigm to inform us of the physiological effects of stress. We hypothesize that mothers who exhibit high levels of mindfulness are more likely to engage in consistent, warm, and responsive parenting skills. As a result, these mothers' infants will display better self-regulation and focus. We also predict that mothers and babies who participate in these mindfulness interventions are more likely to show a decrease in cortisol production and have controlled cardiovascular reactivity. Recommendations for future research include establishing a systematic way of identifying mothers at risk so that we may prevent further harms caused by stress. Implications of the findings can be used to advocate for equitable, accessible mental health programs and implementation of public health policy centered around protecting and empowering vulnerable women and children in our community.

Tetramerized viral proteins are a powerful tool for examining the immune response to infection and vaccination. However, the field lacks a clear understanding of the stability of these tetramerized proteins over time and varying temperatures. One such viral protein, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein can degrade from a prefusion (preF) conformation to a postfusion (postF) conformation. The stability of tetramers of the RSV preF protein is tested by 1) freeze-thawing; 2) incubating for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks; and 3) storing at -20°C in glycerol, 4°C in PBS, and room temperature in PBS. RSV F in the preF versus the postF conformation is measured using bio-layer interferometry (BLI) to assess how these different variables affect tetramer stability. This study aims to define ideal conditions for the storage of tetramerized viral proteins. This crucial information will ensure reagents used to study the immune response to vaccines and infections are robust and will also help minimize the cost and time of producing these reagents. The findings could also allow the implementation of these reagents in resource-limited settings.

Dementia impacts 4+ million older adults in the United States. The majority of patients with dementia (PWD) are cared for at home by family/friend care partners (CP). While this caregiving role can be highly meaningful, it is also a demanding responsibility. Resilience, or the ability to recover from stressful situations, has been shown to be protective for CP of PWD. There are three major models of resilience, describing resilience as: 1) an outcome, 2) a trait or 3) a process. Currently, there is no consensus on the best way to operationalize and measure resilience in the context of dementia caregiving. My project focuses on addressing this gap. My hypothesis is that: 1. Resilience in the context of dementia caregiving has specific characteristics, reflecting the complexity of caregiving; 2. CP likely over-estimate their resilience; 3. Resilience is a dynamic process related to positive functioning that fluctuates across time and situation, rather than a personality trait or outcome. 4. Optimal assessment will combine CP self-report with more objective, observable, or CP-reported behaviors. Our initial focus was understanding different approaches of defining and measuring resilience in CP of PWD. We used two data sources to code behaviors linked with resilience: 1. relevant literature; 2. 30 semi-structured interviews with CP of PWD evaluating resilience-related behaviors. We identified relevant behaviors and organized data from both sources using thematic coding. We used key identified behaviors to create a behavior-based model of CP resilience–Care Partner Resilience (CPR). Our hypotheses were confirmed. Our next steps are to validate CRP. Dementia is one of the major health conditions faced by the geriatric population, and CP burden from dementia can take a devastating toll the capacity to continue providing care. Thus, an accurate operational definition of resilience is essential in targeting interventions and developing long-term support tools for CP.

Everyone dying at home requires help from a care partner (CP). For most people, these CPs are family members and friends who help their loved ones with daily tasks, medications, and comfort measures. Those who engage hospice services also benefit from the support of experienced medical/social service teams. By definition, the focus of hospice care is on a family unit, although currently there are no broadly disseminated systematic methods for assessing the needs of CPs or offering preventative interventions. My mentors, Dr. Sadak's team, conducted a pragmatic trial of assessing CP needs in hospice by adapting "Managing Your Loved One's Health" (MYLOH), a 29-item self-report measure of CP activation: readiness, knowledge, skills for meeting their care recipient's healthcare needs and maintain personal wellness for use in hospice. I reviewed and thematically coded: 1. Video interviews with RN case managers and administrators, 2. Researcher's field notes, and 3. All other documented communication between the research and the hospice teams; created a timeline and documented the rationale for adaptations that were made in MYLOH. Methods: A Sample of N=50 CP of people receiving hospice care; N=14 RN Case Managers; N=6 Hospice Administrators. MYLOH and several other brief CP assessment measures were administered by RN case managers to CPs on baseline, week 4, and week 12. Measures were used as a guide for conducting CP/Patient needs assessment, and to plan and assess effectiveness of interventions. Case managers took process notes and offered feedback via video-recorded interviews with the research team. Adaptations to MYLOH were made based on this iterative feedback. MYLOH-Hospice is a 12-item measure that is a useful tool for guiding assessment and interventions for CPs in hospice, it has strong face validity and acceptability, but is found to be too long for iterative routine use.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multi-organ inflammation and damage, including skin and kidney. Ultraviolet B light (UVBL) is the only environmental factor known to precipitate both skin and kidney disease. How UVBL-triggered sterile inflammation in the skin influences kidney injury remains a pressing question for SLE patients, about 70% of whom suffer from sensitivity to UVBL. We previously demonstrated that neutrophils are the first immune cells to infiltrate the inflamed skin tissue after exposure to UVBL. To investigate the neutrophils’ role in UVBL-induced kidney injury, C57BL/6J mice were irradiated with a single dose of UVBL (500mJ/cm2). Cells in the bone marrow (BM), skin, blood, and kidney were characterized using flow cytometry. Gene expression of inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules was evaluated using qPCR. Following acute exposure to UVBL, we observed a 10-fold increase in skin neutrophils, associated with a decline in neutrophils from the BM and a 5-fold increase in circulating neutrophils relative to baseline (no UVL). Relevant to SLE, neutrophils increased up to 10-fold in the kidney after skin UVBL injury (vs. no increase in monocytes/macrophages). Local skin response was characterized by rapid induction in inflammatory cytokines (IL1b, TNFa, IL6, IL33) and neutrophil chemoattractants (G-CSF, CXCL1, LIX) (day 1-2) that returned to baseline by day 6 after UV. Neutrophil infiltration into the kidney was accompanied by endothelial activation and inflammation: increased VCAM1, E-Selectin, IL1b, Ngal, and s1008/9 gene expression, markers of kidney injury in SLE, as well as by transient proteinuria. Neutrophils recruited to the kidney demonstrated two phenotypes: early activated CXCR2hi (day 1-2) and late aged CXCR4hi (day 2-6), which followed expression of CXCR4 ligand CXCL12, another marker of kidney injury. Together, our findings propose a novel neutrophil-dominated skin-kidney axis of pathogenesis and provide a model for UVBL-triggered disease UW flares in SLE.

Physiological and behavioral rhythms are controlled in mammals by a central circadian clock located in suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN). This master clock has outputs to other organs and tissues crucial to keeping the organism properly synchronized. The SCN clock is synchronized by environmental cues, most importantly is the light-dark cycle (LD). Fearful stimuli (i.e. presence of predators) can also present cyclic variations. The de la Iglesia lab has recently shown that timed fearful stimuli during the night can switch the locomotor activity rhythms of mice to the light phase, overriding their natural nocturnal behavior. Interestingly, while the expression of the so-called “clock genes” (which sustain the circadian rhythms at the molecular level) remains unchanged in the SCN, it displays a complete inversion in the amygdala, the brain region that encodes fear. Currently, we aim to determine the pattern of expression of clock-genes in peripheral organs of mice subjected to cycling fear stimuli. Using qPCR, we will assess RNA expression of the clock genes bmal1, per1, and per2 in the adrenal gland, kidney, and liver to determine whether entrainment of activity by cyclic fear also impacts peripheral clocks at the molecular level. We hypothesize that the pattern of expression the clock genes in the liver and kidneys will be modified in mice subjected to nocturnal fear, due to altered feeding and drinking patterns. However, the adrenal gland is difficult to make predictions about the pattern of expression of the clock genes given the fact that preliminary data from our lab showed that cortisol shows two peaks in mice displaying diurnal activity after nocturnal cyclic fear exposure compared to the single peak displayed by nocturnally active mice. Thus, it is unclear if we will observe an inversion peak, much like the amygdala, or a peak similar to the LD cycle.

Could women’s strength of gender identity direct them predominantly to awards open only to women, leaving other awards less gender-diverse? We examined whether women’s awards could steer women away from more lucrative all-gender awards and if women’s strength of gender identity moderates this decision. Undergraduate women (N=169) decided between two fictional scholarships valued at $2500 and $5000. In the control condition, both awards were open to all genders. In the experimental condition, the $2500 award was only open to women. A chi-square test showed that in the control condition, women were more likely to pick the $5000 all-gender award, while in the experimental condition they were more likely to pick the $2500 women’s award. Women’s likelihood to apply to the $2500 award in both conditions was not moderated by identification with their gender. This indicates that women’s identification with their gender was not driving their tendency to select an award targeted to women. Low-value women’s awards may decrease the number of women applying for higher value all-gender awards, potentially contributing to higher proportions of male applicants and winners to those awards.